Sources, an appendix.

Every figure on this site traces back to a source listed here: the policies tracker, the explainers, and the report audits. Government releases are used where available. Where a figure comes only from secondary reporting, the link says so, and it is never presented as government data.

modi.im is an independent project, not a news outlet. It collects, links to, and summarises material already published elsewhere; it does not report news of its own. This page exists so anyone can check where every number came from.

How sources are ranked

Not every source carries the same weight. Every link on this site is ranked in one of five tiers, and only the top three are ever cited.

  • Tier 0: GovernmentPIB releases, Parliament answers, ministry pages, and the assessment reports themselves. The only sources that can carry a figure as fact.
  • Tier 1: Independent institutionsThe World Bank, IMF, OECD, and similar bodies with published methodology, peer-reviewed research, and research institutes' own studies (NCAER, ICRIER). Can carry a figure with attribution.
  • Tier 2: Established pressNational newspapers of record and wire services with named authors and corrections. Can report a figure and a dispute, with attribution.
  • Tier 3: Specialist and industryIndustry bodies, trade press, consultancies, and think tanks. Useful background, but never the sole basis for a number or a verdict, so never cited here.
  • Tier 4: Not citableExam-prep and coaching sites, blogs, aggregators, and AI content farms. Used only as leads while researching; never cited.

This site links only Tier 0, Tier 1, and Tier 2 sources. Tier 1 sources are citable; three are currently linked on the policies page: the NCAER logistics-cost report, the NCAER Viksit Bharat paper, and the Stanford HAI Global AI Vibrancy Tool. The Reports section draws on the publishers listed below, and each article cites its sources at its foot. When a ministry has not published a recent release for a figure, the entry says so in plain words and names the source and date.

Government sources (30)

News media (2)